Microorganism’ response to disinfectants: A review

Abstract

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) remain a pressing global health issue, contributing significantly to patient morbidity and mortality while imposing severe economic and logistical pressures on healthcare systems. These infections are often caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, complicating both prevention and treatment. Surface disinfectants are critical in mitigating pathogen transmission and curbing antimicrobial resistance within healthcare environments. However, the increasing prevalence of biocide resistance among pathogens necessitates a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms that counteract the effects of disinfectants. This review explores the various responses of microorganisms to disinfectants and delves into current known bacterial strategies that overcome disinfectants activity. Understanting these microbial responses is essential for the development of more effective disinfection protocols in order to ensure an efficient control of hospital-acquired infections.