Annual journal of articles in the interdisciplinary fields: science of sport and physical education and health
Editura Universității din București - Bucharest University Press
ORIGINAL ASPECTS REGARDING THE MONITORING AND DIRECTING OF THE EFFORT OF STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST, WITHIN THE LESSONS OF NAUTICAL SPORTS ACTIVITIES
Background. Through its specific objectives and tasks, nautical sports activities contribute to the psycho-somatic and social development of practitioners, becoming a discipline beloved by students, they number increasing from year to year. This discipline, shortly introduced in the DEFS 'curriculum, responded to a need to diversify the socio-educational interests of University of Bucharest` students, the University of Bucharest being the only university in the country that does not have a sports profile, which offers such lessons to its students. Objectives. The present paper, through its content and its approach, aims to highlight the main aspects of the specific effort, applied and recorded in kayak lessons. The subject is Dang Huan Fang, student at the Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, 1st place holder in two important competitions organized this year: the "Alexandru Bizim" University Cup and the Kayak Challenge 2025. Methods. Our scientific approach aimed, mainly, at presenting some model trainings, specific to the preparatory period, with the objective of developing endurance through specific and non-specific means for the 1000m kayak race. Results. The information provided by the Garmin Fenix 5 device used in this research contributes decisively to optimizing the planning and programming strategy of the practical activity of students enrolled in the nautical sports activities discipline, constituting essential feedback for those directly and indirectly involved in the training process.The obtained data are based on objective, efficient and modern monitoring, used for the first time at the level of non-profile higher education, thus providing an overview of the specific demand for these activities. Conclusion. Through its content, our project emphasizes the importance and opportunity of using modern and efficient means of monitoring the parameters of the effort specific to the 1000m kayak race, all in the context of a general strategy for training UB students, practitioners of the race referred to previously, which should have as a starting point a particular training model, based on modern means, adapted to the particularities of the race and the motor profile of the practitioners.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' CREATIVITY THROUGH ACTIVE AND PARTICIPATORY METHODS
Background. Creativity plays a crucial role in students’ intellectual and emotional development. In today’s educational landscape, fostering creativity is more important than ever, as it encourages independent thinking, problem-solving skills, and adaptability. Active-participatory methods are widely recognized as effective tools in stimulating students’ creative potential. This paper explores the significance of creativity in the learning process and examines how active-participatory teaching methods can contribute to its development. In traditional educational environments, rigid structures and passive learning often limit creativity. However, methods that encourage participation such as debates, role-plays, group projects, and brainstorming sessions provide a more dynamic framework for expression and innovation. These approaches create an environment where students feel more engaged and motivated to think outside the box. The aim of the research. To investigate the impact of active-participatory methods on the development of students’ creativity and to identify the most effective strategies for cultivating a creative learning environment. Objectives. To highlight the benefits of active learning, promote interactive teaching techniques, and support educators in adopting methods that encourage student innovation and critical thinking. Methods. This research involved the analysis of theoretical literature on pedagogy, classroom observations, and interviews with teachers who apply participatory methods in their lessons. Additionally, student feedback and creative output were used to assess progress and engagement. Conclusion. The implementation of active-participatory methods significantly enhances students’ creativity by fostering a stimulating and inclusive educational setting. These strategies not only support academic growth but also contribute to the development of essential life skills. To cultivate creativity effectively, educators must adopt a flexible, student-centered approach that encourages exploration, dialogue, and collaboration.
THE VITAL ROLE OF SLEEP IN HEALING AND RECOVERY
Background. Sleep deprivation takes a toll on both our physical and mental health. It has been linked to reduced cognitive abilities, decline in immunity, decreased physical performance, irritability, anxiety and many other unpleasant consequences. This paper explores the main complications from bad sleeping habits as well as provides solutions on how to improve sleep’s quality. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the US, the current hypotheses as to the function of sleep include neural maturation, clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity in the awake brain, conservation of metabolic energy and others. However, to this day the current understanding of why sleep is an essential part of life is still yet to be determined. The fact that such an important part of our life is yet to be fully understood is fascinating. Sleep is a crucial part of everybody’s life however, not many among us know how to approach this vital process correctly. In order to improve sleep’s quality and optimize our productivity throughout the day, it is important to have the right information at hand and to know how to use it in your favour. The aim of the research. Gather, analyze and compile data regarding sleep and its importance on the recovery process in order to popularize proper sleep habits and make the most important aspects of this topic more accessible to the public. Objectives. Help improve the public’s general knowledge on the topic of the importance of sleep and, hopefully, aid people in achieving a better quality of life. Methods. To evaluate the importance of sleep in the recovery process we researched a variety of resources ranging from books, videos and articles to consulting with one of the university’s professor. Conclusion. While we still do not fully understand sleep and all of the complex physiological processes that happen during it, one thing is for sure – sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality takes a big toll on our health. By depriving our bodies from sleep, we cause both short-term and long-term damage to ourselves. To help lead a better life it is important to stay informed on the topics that affect our life’s quality the most and to make conscious choices towards bettering our lifestyle.
In this study, we have gathered as much data as possible about the emergence and development of expressive sports. These sports share common characteristics but also many differences, which are highlighted in the study. The development of these sports is constantly influenced by human imagination and creativity, as well as the human desire for perfection and beauty. Sometimes, we tend to believe that we have reached our maximum potential, but each time this is surpassed through creativity and flawless technique. There is an increasingly pronounced dynamic of change from one competition to another, from one Olympic cycle to another. Regulations need to be changed, elements updated, and choreographic components modified. Today, technology helps us progress faster and achieve bodily techniques that, years ago, we couldn't have imagined. Progress, change, reevaluation for sports that have long struggled to combat subjectivism. Yet, this is the way art tells us that it is present, no matter how objective we strive to be. A virtuous performance can matter more than we might believe. In conclusion, expressive sports belong to that category where art and sport are in symbiosis, and the spectator can only let himself be carried away by the emotions of the moment.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS A CATALYST FOR ACADEMIC SUCCESS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION
Background. This study investigates the interconnection between physical education and educational performance in Romania, contextualized within Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4 – Quality Education). Recognizing that physical activity supports cognitive development, emotional regulation, and academic engagement, the research explores how structured physical education can contribute to improved learning outcomes and sustainable educational progress. The Romanian context presents a mixed landscape, where formal inclusion of physical education in school curricula is undermined by infrastructural disparities and socio-cultural undervaluation of sport as an academic enhancer. Objectives. The objective of the study is to evaluate the extent to which participation in physical activity correlates with academic achievement, using indicators from the Romania Durabilă platform and Eurostat. Specific attention is given to early school leaving rates, tertiary education attainment, and adult participation in learning, alongside physical activity frequencies disaggregated by age, gender, and education level. The research also aims to assess whether greater investment in physical education infrastructure could serve as a catalyst for improved educational and health outcomes. Methods. The methodology adopts a mixed-methods approach, primarily descriptive and comparative, analyzing national and European datasets spanning from 2014 to 2024. The study integrates statistical findings with contextual interpretation to identify patterns and potential causal relationships. Results. The results show a positive correlation between educational attainment and levels of physical activity, with individuals holding tertiary degrees more likely to engage in regular exercise. Rising trends in higher education enrollment and adult learning are mirrored by increased health-oriented behaviors. However, early school leaving remains a concern, particularly among certain gender groups, and physical activity participation remains low across several demographics. Conclusion. In conclusion, the study highlights a synergistic relationship between physical education and learning outcomes. It calls for integrated public policies that prioritize physical education as a core component of sustainable educational reform. Enhancing infrastructure, promoting lifelong learning, and embedding health awareness in education strategies are essential steps toward achieving SDG 4 in Romania.
ACTIVE BODIES, SUSTAINABLE LIVES: THE INTERSECTION OF SPORT, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Background. In the context of the United Nations 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) – “Good Health and Well-being” – emphasizes reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and promoting healthier lifestyles. Physical activity represents a cost-effective and accessible intervention with proven benefits for public health. Romania, however, exhibits some of the lowest sport participation rates in the European Union, posing a serious challenge to achieving SDG 3 targets. This study explores the link between physical activity and health outcomes in Romania, aiming to assess the population's engagement in sport and its impact on public health. Objectives. The primary objective is to analyze the relationship between sport participation and key health indicators related to NCDs, using data from Eurostat and the “România Durabilă” platform. The study compares demographic patterns of physical activity with national mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic respiratory conditions. Special attention is paid to disparities by income, age, gender, and educational level, and to perceptions of health and infrastructure quality, particularly in schools. Methods. A quantitative, observational methodology is employed, based on secondary data analysis. The research uses Eurostat statistics from the “Sport participation – practicing sport and physical activity” section and national SDG 3 indicators reported by România Durabilă. Descriptive comparisons and visualizations (charts, trend analysis) illustrate the correlation between physical inactivity and negative health outcomes, without inferring causality. Results. Results reveal that only 6.3% of Romanians engage in physical activity at least once a week–one of the lowest rates in the EU. Mortality rates from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases have increased, while diabetes-related mortality remains steady. Furthermore, perceptions of health remain disproportionately positive despite low activity levels, and over 60% of respondents consider school infrastructure inadequate for physical education. Conclusion. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated national strategies promoting physical activity. Romania must enhance school facilities, address socioeconomic barriers, and implement public health campaigns to increase awareness and participation. Prioritizing these actions is essential for aligning with SDG 3 and ensuring a healthier future for the Romanian population.
sustainable lives: the intersection of sport
LEISURE MOTOR ACTIVITIES AMONG PREADOLESCENTS – CHARACTERISTICS OF AFFECTIVE LEADERS
Background. The motivation for this research stemmed from my interest in understanding the role of leisure motor activities in shaping social interactions and leadership roles among preadolescents. Considering the increasing influence of informal physical activities performed outside the school setting, it becomes important to analyze which sports are most frequently preferred by students and how these preferences correlate with their affective status within the group. The study focused on middle school students and aimed to identify the types of sports they commonly practice during their free time. Objectives. The main objective of this research was to determine the types of sports preferred by preadolescents during leisure time, emphasizing the differences between affective leaders and their peers in terms of these choices. Methods. The research methods used were: bibliographic study, observation, experimental, and statistical-mathematical analysis. These methods helped in the interpretation of the experimental results. Results. The results showed that affective leaders tend to prefer individual and non-contact sports (such as swimming, athletics, cycling, or fitness), while the rest of the group displayed a more diverse orientation that included team sports (football, basketball, handball). The analysis highlights that affective leaders are inclined towards sports involving self-discipline, creativity, and autonomy, as opposed to those requiring direct confrontation or physical contact. Conclusion: The study underlines that leisure sports preferences differ depending on students’ affective roles within their group. Affective leaders mainly orient themselves toward individual, heuristic, and non-contact sports, reflecting a tendency toward independence and self-regulation. These results may serve as a valuable reference for teachers, coaches, and parents in supporting leisure motor activities adapted to the socio-emotional characteristics of children.
IMPACT OF ROMANIAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION POLICY ON YOUTH HEALTH OUTCOMES: A SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
Background and aims: this comprehensive investigation explores how regional disparities in mandated physical education (PE) instructional time influence two critical health outcomes in Romanian adolescents: obesity prevalence and self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) rates. Amid growing public health concerns regarding childhood obesity and declining physical activity levels, Romania presents a valuable context due to substantial inter-county variations in education policy implementation. The aim was to determine whether counties with greater weekly PE exposure report better health outcomes among adolescents, adjusting for socioeconomic differences. Methods: we utilized publicly accessible secondary datasets, compiling county-level weekly PE time from UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring Report (2021), adolescent health indicators from the WHO European Health Information Gateway (2023), and contextual covariates, average disposable household income and urbanization percentages, from Eurostat and the Romanian National Institute of Statistics (INS, 2023). The dataset covered all 42 administrative counties. Statistical procedures included Pearson correlation to assess bivariate relationships, descriptive analyses to summarize distributions, and multivariate linear regression models to isolate the effect of PE time while adjusting for income and urbanization. Results: findings revealed a statistically significant moderate inverse correlation between PE time and obesity prevalence (r = –0.38, 95% CI [–0.60, –0.10], p = 0.015) and a moderate positive correlation with MVPA rates (r = 0.44, 95% CI [0.17, 0.65], p = 0.006). Multivariate regressions confirmed that each additional 10 minutes of weekly PE is associated with a 0.7 percentage-point decrease in obesity prevalence (β = –0.07, p = 0.004) and a 0.9 percentage-point increase in MVPA participation (β = 0.09, p = 0.002), independent of regional income or urban development level. Conclusions: these results underscore the importance of standardized and sufficient PE provision in shaping adolescent health across Romania. Findings are discussed within the context of established pain management and injury prevention frameworks in youth sports and evidence-based strategies for body weight control. This study offers critical insight into how curricular time allocations can produce measurable health benefits and argues for policy reform to harmonize PE standards nationwide. Additionally, implications are explored for education authorities, public health planning, and targeted interventions in underserved regions.
EFFECTS OF THE USE OF TABLE TENNIS IN SPORTS THERAPY IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS. CASE STUDY: PATIENT WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Sports therapy is an effective scientific method of supporting specialized psychiatric treatments. By using sports therapy in psychiatric medical treatment, the patient's physical and mental health is improved. Research to date shows that in psychiatric clinics where patients also benefit from sports therapy, the recovery process is accelerated. Patients' access to a gym and/or possibly to a swimming pool improve sports therapy, making it possible to carry out therapy regardless of the season or weather. The most common sports in sports therapy are: table tennis, swimming, badminton, basketball, volleyball, fitness, walking and running outdoors, yoga, cycling or even climbing on special boards. Table tennis is an accessible and effective method to support psychiatric therapy, having effects on the patient's mental health through a combination of physical exercise, cognitive stimulation and social interaction. By accepting the regular practice of table tennis, an acceleration of the rehabilitation process is observed in patients with alcohol dependence. At the cellular level, following the moderate physical effort of table tennis, there is a substantial release of endorphins and the level of cortisol in the blood is regulated, which leads to a decrease in stress levels and an increase in the patient's ability to concentrate and disconnect from anxious thoughts. After analyzing the results of the conducted experiment it can be concluded that the first and easiest method of sports therapy in psychiatric clinics is table tennis. It proves the hypothesis that table tennis significantly helps the patient with alcohol addiction problems to quickly regain body and mental control in comparison with the patient who does not want or does not have the possibility to participate in sports therapy sessions. The patients with alcohol dependence contact with the gym, with the rules of table tennis and with other players helps in better managing their emotions, improves self-esteem, encourages physical movement and social contact and also demonstrates the importance of sport therapy.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS ACTIVITIES: MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Background. In sports, as in other fields that associate major risks (ex: healthcare), a system of standards is needed to cover all the actions that should be taken to ensure conditions for the protection of all those involved directly or indirectly in the specific sports programs and activities. The requirements of such a standards system make the subject of the present study. Objectives. This research focuses on the attempts that have been made to define and implement procedures aimed at reducing the physical and/or emotional health damage risks of an athlete. Methods. This study consists of a literature review, in order to define the risk management methodology for the risks associated with sports activities, by understanding the factors that influence them. Results. Risk management requirements and methodology used in healthcare services will be tested for the risks associated with sports activities to identify prevalent trends and correlations. Conclusion. There are a few necessary conditions in order to support the approach of achieving a unitary risk management methodology for the risks associated with sports activities.
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM TENNIS PRACTICE ON BONE MASS AND SPINAL ALIGNMENT
This study examined the effects of prolonged tennis practice on bone mass and spinal alignment in professional and semi-professional athletes. Tennis is a high-impact, asymmetrical sport that may influence skeletal development and posture, particularly in adolescents and young adults engaged in long-term training. Background. Participation in weight-bearing sports is known to increase bone density and improve bone health. However, repetitive, unilateral movements, common in asymmetrical sports like tennis, can lead to muscular imbalances, which may contribute to postural deviations or spinal misalignments. Objectives. There is limited research on how long-term tennis practice affects spinal alignment, particularly among non-professional athletes. This study aims to evaluate differences in spinal alignment among tennis players, investigate whether the duration of tennis practice correlates with specific musculoskeletal adaptations, and explore potential strategies to prevent or mitigate postural imbalances and structural spinal deformities. Methods. A survey-based observational study was conducted involving 30 participants of various ages. The survey included questions about training intensity, the age participants began practicing tennis, duration of practice, as well as self-reported structural conditions, with a particular focus on scoliosis tendencies. Results. Of the 30 respondents, all currently practicing tennis, 13 individuals (43.3%) acknowledged having scoliosis tendencies, while 10 individuals (33.3%) reported experiencing back pain. Notably, two participants were clinically diagnosed with scoliotic posture, both having trained professionally for over a decade. Additionally, one individual, who practiced tennis for over 40 years, reported having intervertebral disc herniation. Although the sample size was limited, these findings suggest a potential link between repetitive unilateral physical activity and the development of postural asymmetries or structural spinal conditions. Conclusion. Long-term tennis practice is known to enhance bone mass, contributing positively to skeletal health. Nonetheless, it may also lead to asymmetrical spinal adaptations, likely influenced by uneven muscle development and imbalances caused by repetitive unilateral movements. These muscular asymmetries can exert uneven forces on the spine, potentially contributing to postural deviations, highlighting the importance of preventive physiotherapy, kinesiotherapy, and balanced training programs aimed at supporting muscular symmetry and maintaining spinal health.
ONTOGENESIS OF FETAL AND NEWBORN MOVEMENTS: A KINANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON OPTIMAL MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Spontaneous movements represent the first expression of human motor behavior, of the developing central nervous system, reflecting the level of neurological maturation. They have an essential contribution to the organization of neuronal connections and subsequent motor acquisitions. The first movements appear around the 7th week of gestation and are generated by subcortical neural networks. Professor Christa Einspieler (2004) suggests that the first half of pregnancy is a period of learning and development for most fetal movement patterns, and these continue to develop in the second half of pregnancy and after birth. Motor activity develops as an integrated dynamic system, with fetal movements representing the biological and functional basis of human motor function. They are influenced by genetic, biological and sensory factors, essential for the formation of neural pathways and preparation for extrauterine life. According to current studies and theories, early newborn behaviors follow a continuous adaptive pathway similar to the prenatal motor repertoire of the fetus. Widström and Brimdyr (2011) described nine predictable stages of instinctive behaviors observed during the first hour after birth in undisturbed skin-to-skin contact, enhancing bonding, physiological regulation, and breastfeeding. Bergman (2015) highlights that “the newborn’s brain expects to be skin-to-skin after birth,” and that postnatal separation acts as a eurodevelopmental stressor. In preterm infants, this interrupted continuity, abrupt transition to the external environment and an immature nervous system will increase the risk of motor disorders. Dr.Prechtl (2001) stated that “general movements are the most sensitive and specific behavioral markers for predicting later neurological deficits.” From a kinanthropological perspective, these movements are fundamental elements of neuro-motor development, but also early indicators of central nervous system (CNS) maturation. These observations from intrauterine life, but also immediately after birth, may have implications for early assessment and intervention, through the development and application of an integrated model of pediatric kinesiology.
NEUROMUSCULAR SYMMETRY AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY FOLLOWING ACL RECONSTRUCTION IN A RECREATIONAL SKIER: A CASE STUDY
Background. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are among the most frequent and functionally limiting conditions in winter sports, particularly in amateur alpine skiing. Due to the high rotational forces and unpredictable terrain, even recreational athletes face significant risk. Additionally, ACL injuries can compromise long-term functionality and affect occupational activities that require prolonged standing or postural stability. Effective surgical intervention and a personalized rehabilitation plan are essential for regaining neuromuscular control and returning to both sport and professional activity. Objectives. This case study aimed to evaluate the functional recovery and neuromuscular symmetry of a 26-year-old female recreational skier and dental practitioner who sustained a complete ACL rupture in the left knee. The study focused not only on achieving a safe return to sport but also on enabling her reintegration into daily professional activity, which involves long hours of standing and maintaining static posture. After ligament reconstruction with a hamstring autograft, the patient followed a structured, 9-month rehabilitation program with progressive goals, from anatomical healing to functional and occupational reintegration. Methods. The protocol was divided into three phases and included mobility exercises, strength training, proprioceptive and neuromuscular control drills. Functional assessments were conducted using biomechanical equipment: Leg Press and Leg Extension (eccentric and isokinetic), execution speed, Drop Jump Test, Stiffness Test, and stabilometric postural evaluation. Data analysis included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, symmetry index (SI), and coefficient of variation (CV%). Results. The outcomes showed no significant limb differences (p = 0.929), with SI values below 10% in most tests. CV values were lower for strength and slightly higher for speed metrics. Quadriceps circumference increased (+8.9%), and all functional return-to-activity criteria were met. Conclusion. The applied rehabilitation protocol effectively restored neuromuscular symmetry and functional capacity, supporting a confident return to both recreational skiing and physically demanding professional work. Additionally, improvements in joint mobility and dynamic knee stability were essential in facilitating safe reintegration into daily and sport-specific activities.
ENHANCING PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EXTRACURRICULAR MOTOR ACTIVITIES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE: A CASE STUDY
Background. Children with life-limiting conditions frequently face social isolation, reduced functional autonomy, and limited participation in educational activities. In this context, the integration of physiotherapy into structured extracurricular programs becomes essential for supporting psychosocial development and enhancing overall quality of life. Objectives. The study aimed to investigate the impact of extracurricular motor activities on the social, emotional, cognitive, and communication skills of children in palliative care settings, highlighting the therapeutic potential of motor-recreational interventions. Methods. The case study involved a child with a primary diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy, who participated in a summer camp designed for children with incurable conditions. The intervention included adapted group physical exercises, functional interactive motor games, and themed multisensory workshops tailored to the child’s cognitive and physical level. Data were collected through direct observation and the administration of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results. Significant improvements were observed in social interaction, emotional expression, and participation in group activities. The participant demonstrated increased self-confidence, reduced anxiety during interactions with other children, and active engagement in collaborative tasks. Motor activities–particularly aquatic and sensory-based interventions–contributed to enhancements in body schema and postural control. Conclusion. Extracurricular motor programs that include components of adapted physiotherapy have a major impact on the psychosocial development of children with progressive chronic conditions. Integrated approaches contribute to reducing physical discomfort and facilitating social inclusion, while strengthening self-esteem by providing an emotionally supportive environment in which children feel safe.
CLASSICAL PILATES VS. CONTEMPORARY PILATES IN POSTURAL RE-EDUCATION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN
Chronic nonspecific lower back pain (CLLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting global functionality, posture, and quality of life. Postural retraining is essential in the management of this condition, and Pilates has become an increasingly popular approach in modern physiotherapy because of its fundamental principles such as centring, control, breathing, body alignment, and deep muscle activation. This study aimed to compare, from a theoretical perspective, the two major directions of the Pilates method: the classical approach, which faithfully preserves the original principles and exercises proposed by Joseph Pilates, and the contemporary approach, which has been adapted according to recent research in biomechanics, neuroscience, and clinical physiotherapy. Classical Pilates is based on a fixed sequence of exercises performed with strict precision and rhythmic control, with an emphasis on symmetry and uniformity. In contrast, contemporary Pilates allows for individualised adaptation of exercises according to the patient's needs and therapeutic goals using modern equipment (for example, Reformer, Cadillac, Ledder Barrel, Spine Corrector, Exo Chair), sensory integration, and neuromotor feedback. The analysis revealed that both styles contribute to improved postural control; however, contemporary Pilates offers increased versatility, the possibility of therapeutic customisation, and more effective integration into clinical rehabilitation protocols. In the context of the recovery of patients with LCN, therapeutic adaptability is essential to respond to variability in individual symptomatology and functional limitations. This study underscores the need to develop standardised yet adaptable protocols that effectively integrate the advantages of both classical and contemporary Pilates approaches within the framework of postural rehabilitation.
Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CLLBP)
OPTIMISING THE POWER CAPACITY FOR ATHLETS IN THROWING EVENTS
Background. Throwing events in athletics–such as shot put, discus, and javelin–require a unique combination of strength, speed, coordination, and technical precision. Over the years, coaches and researchers have developed various training strategies to improve performance in these disciplines. Among the most common approaches are training methods that involve throwing with heavier or lighter implements than the standard competition weight. These methods are believed to help athletes develop both explosive power and better movement patterns. Despite the growing use of such techniques, there is still some debate about their actual effectiveness in improving performance over time. While some studies suggest positive results, others highlight the need for more controlled experiments to confirm these findings. Additionally, less attention has been given to the physiological demands placed on athletes during these specific training sessions–especially from an aerobic and neuromuscular point of view. In this scientific paper, I aim to present the optimization of power through specific athletic methods, such as plyometric training and exercises using medicine balls. Objectives. The purpose of this paper was to validate whether athletic training programs for throwers, incorporating specific exercises such as throws with heavy implements and lighter-weighted implements, can lead to significant improvements in performance. Methods. Observation method, bibliographic study method, statistical-mathematical method, experimental method. Results. Physical exercise plays a crucial role in improving performance among throwers.Training programs for throwers are inherently complex, as high-level performance requires a well-rounded, multilateral approach to physical preparation. Conclusion. Ultimately, it can be concluded that optimizing strength capacity in throwing events is achievable through the implementation of specific athletic exercises. The comparison between initial and final test results clearly indicates measurable improvements in performance.
OPTIMISING THE EFFORT CAPACITY IN THROWING EVENTS
Background. Throwing disciplines in track and field–including shot put, discus, and javelin–demand more than just raw strength and explosive power. Athletes must also develop the ability to sustain physical effort during high-intensity, repetitive training sessions. While the competitive performance itself is largely anaerobic and relies on short bursts of maximal effort, day-to-day training places significant demands on the athlete’s overall work capacity, where aerobic fitness plays a key role in recovery, fatigue resistance, and maintaining technical precision throughout the session. Despite this, most of the focus in research and practice has traditionally been on improving maximal strength and speed of execution. The role of aerobic conditioning has often been overlooked. However, recent studies point to the benefits of a well-developed aerobic system–not just for endurance sports, but also for improving training quality and efficiency in explosive disciplines. Better aerobic capacity allows for quicker recovery between sets, greater resistance to fatigue, and more consistent neuromuscular performance under prolonged effort. As a result, incorporating moderate to high-volume training in mixed aerobic-anaerobic zones is becoming increasingly relevant in planning effective training programs for throwers. Objectives. - Establishing the tests and the control samples; - Establishing the motor profile; - Results processing; - Elaboration of a specific athletic program to improve motor skills, Methods. bibliographic study method, observation method, experimental method, statistical-mathematical method. Results. With the help of aeroscan machine, we were able to observe the aerobic effort sustained by the throwers during of the training sessions. Conclusion. In conclusion, optimizing effort capacity in throwing events can be achieved through an integrated training approach that combines both anaerobic and aerobic exercises. Specific training methods, such as throwing with different weighted implements and high-intensity interval training, have shown significant improvements in performance, including better fatigue management and recovery between sets. A well-rounded training program, tailored to the athlete's needs, is crucial for enhancing both technical execution and overall performance in competition.
ACHIEVING PERFORMANCE IN 3X3 BASKETBALL BY USING FIBA FREE WEB APPLICATION
Background. Streetball was included for the first time in history at the 2012 Olympics - Tokyo. The qualification of the 3x3 teams at the Olympic Games is based on the ranking obtained by each team after participating in as many matches as possible. Each participation is counted in the Event Maker free web application and at the end of the qualification period, the application generates the final ranking of the teams qualified for the Olympics. FIBA is developing 3x3 with a Click& Brick approach. The Brick are the actual events. The Click is FIBA’s Digital Platform [6] that is supported with the Event Maker free web application. Event Maker is a web application, developed specifically for 3x3 and customized to help event organizers with the organization of their 3x3 events. All basketball sporting events, created with the Event Maker application are published on the play.fiba3x3.com website, being visible globally. Objectives. Through this study, we aim to highlight the importance of using the web application in obtaining sports performance, respectively the qualification of the Romanian team at the Olympics. Methods. Based on the organization and participation in sports events, and by using the web application, important data were obtained on the activity of the 3x3 women team in the two pre-Olympic years. Results. The data provided by the Event Maker application contributed to the orientation of the competition organization process, so that, at the end of 2019, Romania will be in the world ranking in the first four teams qualified for the Olympics. Conclusion. The data generated in due time by this free web application formed the basis for designing the activity of organizing and participating in streetball competitions, so that coaches have continuously updated information regarding the world ranking at any time during the qualifying stage.
OPTIMIZING PHYSICAL TRAINING IN JUNIOR FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Women's basketball has come a long way recently. Many clubs have sprung up, the number of competitions has increased and girls have started practicing and playing basketball from a very young age. In the last twenty years we have raised several generations of basketball players, generations that have won numerous national titles for CSS, but we always knew that we still had some work to do in terms of physical training. So, with the generation of girls born in 2002, we planned a training program to improve and develop physical preparation. The experiment was conducted with 14–16 year old female basketball players over a period of one year, including two final tournaments. The study was conducted in two stages: the first test was conducted in the competitive period before the U14 final tournament (February 2023), where the team lost the gold medal, and the second test was also conducted in the competitive period before the U15 final tournament (February 2024), where the team won the gold medal. Tests were conducted on 8 indicators, which provide information about the basic parameters of the preparation of the tested basketball athletes. In order to achieve the set objectives and tasks of the present study, we applied the following research methods: literature review, four anthropometric tests and 4 specific physical tests. Along with the regular basketball training, we introduced specific physical conditioning training twice a week for 6 months. Results obtained from the tests were processed, variances were analyzed, followed by a correlation analysis. The analysis of the results from the two tests established that the applied specific fitness training program had a positive impact on the basketball players' fitness, which is why we will continue to implement it further in the training process and will probably conduct a third test before the U16 final tournament. Objectives. Optimization of the physical preparation of 14–16 year old girls from the CSS basketball team. To update and improve the preparation programs for their future training lessons following the analysis of their physical development and physical capacity. Methods.The current study was conducted in two stages on 12 female basketball players. The first test was conducted in February 2023, in the competitive period before the U14 final tournament. The second test was conducted in February 2024, before the U15 final tournament. Prior to the study the athletes and parents completed consent statements for participation in the process of this study. Results. Indicators for physical development at the first test are stable, with the weight index being the most variable. The group is relatively homogeneous on specific indicators (20 m sprint run, vertical jump and Adapted T–Test. The greatest variation is in the Beep Test results, indicating that the group is inhomogeneous on this indicator. Conclusion. The analysis of the two tests shows that the basketball players obtained a better result in the second test, the applied training program had a positive effect on their physical training.The specific training program can be revised by increasing the workload and intensity of exercises
THE EVOLUTION OF TENNIS STRING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR PERFORMANCE AND EDUCATION IN MODERN SPORT
The development of tennis stringing technology has played a crucial role in shaping the modern game, influencing performance, injury prevention, and coaching strategies. This study presents a historical and technical overview of the evolution of string materials and stringing methods from the late 19th century to the present day. Starting with natural gut strings used in early wooden rackets, the research traces the introduction of synthetic materials in the mid-20th century and the rise of polyesterbased strings in the 1990s. Emphasis is placed on the impact of hybrid stringing patterns and lowtension setups, which have redefined power generation and spin production in high-performance tennis. The paper also explores the pedagogical implications of string technology advancements, including how physical education programs and tennis coaches can better educate young athletes on equipment selection and injury risk management. By bridging historical context with contemporary sport science, this work contributes to a more nuanced understanding of equipment’s role in athlete development and performance optimization.
HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING (HIIT) AS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERFORMANCE ENHANCER IN FITNESS
Background. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is an efficient exercise modality involving alternating short bouts of intense activity with recovery periods. It is increasingly popular among recreationally active individuals due to its time efficiency and broad health benefits. Literature supports its efficacy in enhancing cardiovascular capacity, promoting fat oxidation, and improving anaerobic performance. Given rising sedentary trends among young adults, HIIT emerges as a practical alternative to traditional endurance training, especially for those with limited training time. Objectives. this study investigates the physiological impacts of a structured 6-week HIIT intervention on key fitness markers in recreationally active university students aged 20 to 25. The focus is on changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ Max), body fat percentage, and lower body muscular power, as reflected by vertical jump performance. By comparing pre- and post-intervention values, the aim is to evaluate HIIT’s benefits across aerobic capacity, body composition, and explosive strength. Methods. thirty recreationally active students (mean age: 22.1 ± 1.6 years) completed a 6-week HIIT program comprising three sessions per week. Each session included 20–25 minutes of high-intensity work intervals at 85–95% HRmax interspersed with active recovery. Assessments of VO₂ Max, vertical jump height, and body fat percentage were conducted before and after the program. Paired sample t-tests evaluated differences, repeated-measures ANOVA tested time effects, and Cohen’s d determined the magnitude of changes. Results. statistically significant improvements were observed across all outcome measures. VO₂ Max improved from 44.8 ± 4.7 to 49.9 ± 4.5 ml/kg/min (p < 0.001), vertical jump increased from 39.5 ± 3.2 to 43.1 ± 3.0 cm (p < 0.001), and body fat percentage decreased from 21.3 ± 2.9% to 18.1 ± 2.7% (p < 0.001). Large effect sizes confirmed the practical relevance of improvements. Conclusions. this study confirms that HIIT is a potent training modality for enhancing cardiovascular endurance, muscular power, and body composition in recreationally active young adults. Its time efficiency and multi-domain benefits support its integration into youth fitness and health programs.
FREE-STYLE SPARRING FIGHTING EXERCISES IN SHOTOKAN KARATE PRACTICED IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES OF BUCHAREST UNIVERSITY
Background. In the fighting exercises with a partner practiced in the previous years of study, the students of the University of Bucharest learned coordination through offensive and defensive pre-determined exercises. Jiyu Kumite, representing another form of training, represents that branch of karate that involves direct free fighting between partners. This form of practice offers a strong attraction for most karate practitioners, but only students who are very well prepared physically and mentally are recommended this type of exercise. Objectives. Students to be able to manifest at the highest level their motor skill techniques as well as their mental capacity in fighting with one or more partners. The partners must use their most effective techniques and try to make them explode just short of the target. They both must respect the dignity of the other and deserve that respect. Methods. Lessons with students preparing for Jiyu Kumite will be conducted according to prior proper planning and only intensify progressively. Jiyu Kumite it will not be governed by a fixed set of rules. It will be instead regulated by the conscience of the participants and always under the control of the mind that one should display the physical, mental and technical values acquired harmoniously trough physical education lessons. Results. Representing for students the final stage in the hierarchy of karate practice, this category of exercises, practiced accurately, will offer to participants the means for attaining high levels of physical, mental and technical techniques. The students of University of Bucharest will benefit fom this kind of exercise and we hope their progress will be notable. Conclusion. Jiyu Kumite represents the final stage in the hierarchy of practicing karate techniques in the fight with one or more partners. Without a thorough understanding of the concepts of etiquette, self-control, kamae (specific guard posture), maai (combat distance), kuzushi (imbalance), kake (completion of the technique), tsukuri (preparatory action), and strategy, the karate student cannot practice Jiyu-kumite.
VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE IN YOUTH VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS: AN OPTOJUMP-BASED ANALYSIS
Background. Vertical jump performance is a critical component in volleyball, directly involved in technical actions such as spiking and blocking. In youth athletes, understanding the neuromuscular and anthropometric determinants of jump efficiency is essential for optimizing training. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical parameters of vertical jump performance (Tflight, Tcontact, Elevation, Power) in female volleyball players aged 12 to 14, and to examine their associations with anthropometric characteristics (body height and weight). Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify the dominant physical determinants of jump efficiency in junior female volleyball players, and to provide objective support for the development of age-specific physical training programs focused on enhancing explosive strength and reducing contact time. Methods: Twenty-one athletes from the CTF Mihai I Volleyball Club participated in standardized jump testing using the OptoJump Next system. Each athlete performed three vertical jumps without arm swing. The parameters recorded were: flight time (Tflight), contact time (Tcontact), jump height (Elevation), and estimated power (Power), along with body height and weight. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationships between variables. Results: Strong negative correlations were found between power and Tcontact (rs = –0.84), and moderately strong positive correlations between power and jump height (rs = 0.51). A very strong correlation was also observed between Tflight and Elevation (rs = 0.95). Anthropometric variables showed weak or moderate associations with jump performance. Conclusions: Vertical jump performance in this age group is primarily influenced by neuromuscular efficiency, rather than anthropometric characteristics. Training programs should prioritize explosive strength development and rapid force generation in volleyball-specific contexts.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN YOUTH SOCCER PLAYERS AGED U9–U13 IN TIRANA
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between waist circumference and two key physical performance indicators (agility and sprint speed) among youth soccer players aged U9 to U13 in Tirana, Albania. Methods: A total of 68 male youth soccer players were assessed for waist circumference, agility using the 10×5 meter shuttle run, and speed through a 20-meter sprint test. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted for the entire sample (Table 2) and separately by age groups. Results: In the total sample, waist circumference showed a weak and non-significant correlation with both agility (r = 0.234, p = 0.055) and sprint performance (r = 0.086, p = 0.484). However, age-specific analysis revealed stronger associations. In the U11 group, waist circumference was significantly correlated with slower agility (r = 0.447, p = 0.017) and sprint times (r = 0.542, p = 0.003). In the U13 group, a significant correlation was observed with agility (r = 0.488, p = 0.025) and a near-significant trend with sprint (r = 0.399, p = 0.073). No significant correlations were found in the U9 group. Conclusion: While waist circumference does not appear to strongly influence agility or sprint performance in the overall sample, its impact becomes more evident in older age groups. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring body composition as part of physical development and performance assessment in youth soccer training programs.
THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN'S FOOTBALL: FROM PASSION TO PERFORMANCE
This article explores the historical trajectory and contemporary development of women’s football, tracing its journey from marginalization to increasing recognition, with a special emphasis on the Romanian context. The origins of women’s football date back to the late 19th century in the United Kingdom, where despite prevailing social resistance and restrictive gender norms, women organized informal matches and began to challenge traditional conceptions of femininity. The sport’s popularity surged during World War I, when women’s teams, such as the famous Dick, Kerr’s Ladies, attracted significant public attention and large audiences. However, the English Football Association’s 1921 ban on women’s football from official grounds severely limited the sport’s growth for decades, a setback whose effects were felt internationally. Globally, the professionalization of women’s football gained momentum only in the latter half of the 20th century. The establishment of international competitions culminated with FIFA’s inauguration of the Women’s World Cup in 1991, which marked a pivotal moment in the sport’s legitimacy and global visibility. In Romania, the development of women’s football was considerably delayed due to a combination of limited infrastructure, insufficient institutional support, and cultural attitudes that hindered female athletic participation. The foundation of the national women’s league and the official creation of the Romanian women’s national team in 1990 represented crucial milestones in overcoming these barriers. Despite these advances, persistent disparities between women’s and men’s football remain stark, particularly regarding funding, media exposure, and societal recognition. Nevertheless, recent initiatives by the Romanian Football Federation (FRF), combined with the growing international success of Romanian female players, signal promising growth and potential. This article emphasizes the importance of sustained institutional support, strategic investment, and cultural transformation to foster equitable opportunities and ensure the long-term development and professionalization of women’s football both in Romania and globally.
BOOSTING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN UNIVERSITY PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES: SECOND STUDY
Background. Physical activity is a critical component of a healthy lifestyle, contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases, supporting mental health, and promoting overall well-being (Neumark-Sztainer, 2010; Iconaru, 2023; Burciu & Stoica, 2025). Despite these benefits, lifestyle changes in post-communist Romania have led to rising overweight and obesity rates, particularly among urban youth (Roman, 2019; Lăzărescu & Popa, 2015; Geantă, 2021). This study focuses on the University of Bucharest (UniBuc) to explore reasons behind students’ participation in university-organized physical activities (Puiu, 2020).The lack of participation in sports and physical activities exhibited by young people is addressed in the academic environment, specifically in the University of Bucharest, which makes the subject of the present study. Objectives. This research focuses on the University of Bucharest to explore the reasons behind students' low participation in university-organized physical activities. This research effort aims to lay the groundwork of an extended research effort centered on identifying the main reasons why young students (roughly aged 18-35) don’t participate – or only participate sporadically, or only because of the mandatory component – in physical activities organized by the university they are enrolled in, and, in subsidiary, in physical activities overall. Methods. By employing a structured questionnaire distributed electronically, this study aims to collect comprehensive data on student demographics, participation levels, motivations, barriers, and suggestions for improvement. The quantitative analysis component of the study aims to identify participation trends and barriers, while qualitative insights will provide nuanced perspectives on students' experiences. The findings will inform targeted strategies to promote physical activity among students, contributing to their immediate and long-term health. Results. Data collected from the survey will be analyzed using various statistical methods to identify prevalent trends and correlations, while thematic analysis will be applied to the qualitative responses of the UniBuc students in order to extract common themes and insights. Conclusion. Overall, this exploratory study seeks to lay the groundwork for future research on enhancing physical activity participation in academic settings, ultimately supporting the holistic development of young adults. Understanding the factors that influence students' engagement in physical activity will contribute significantly to the process of building the necessary conditions for their future participation, which represents the main point of this exploratory study, and, in line with its results, other potential research efforts focused on this pressing issue.
METHODS AND MEANS RELATED TO RUGBY TAG IN SECONDARY SCHOOL. CASE STUDY
Background. Physical inactivity among school-aged children has become a growing concern, particularly during the sensitive period of puberty, where sedentary behaviors threaten the physical, psychological, and intellectual development of youth. Schools play a vital role in addressing this issue, offering structured physical education lessons that promote long-term engagement in movement and sport. One promising avenue for increasing motivation and participation in physical education is through team sports that combine playfulness with social interaction. Tag rugby, a non-contact version of rugby, offers an ideal introduction to the game, particularly for middle school students, by combining fun, dynamic gameplay with the development of motor, cognitive, and social skills. In recent years, several studies have highlighted the educational value of tag rugby in schools, demonstrating its capacity to foster teamwork, enhance tactical understanding, and support the holistic development of children. Despite the growing international attention, the popularity and application of tag rugby remain limited in Romania, underscoring the need for targeted pedagogical research and innovation. This study was motivated by the desire to explore and optimize the teaching methods and tools used for introducing tag rugby to middle school students, aiming to increase their enthusiasm for physical activity and contribute to the promotion of this sport within the Romanian educational system. Objectives.The purpose of this paper was to dentify the teaching-learning methods and means used for the initiation of pupils in rugby-tag at the gymnasium level. Methods. Bibliographic study method, observation method, case study method, statistical-mathematical method. Results.The intervention programme is practical and can be successfully applied since there were significant differences from the initial to the final test at the level of arithmetic means, namely, in test 1 the difference is 2.4 and 1.95 points, in test 2 it is 2.9 and 1.55 points, in test 3 the value is 2 and in the last test the difference is 2 points and 1.43 seconds. At the initial test the group of students obtained low results in conditions of moderate homogeneity presented by the minimum value 0.10% and maximum 0.19%, later after the application of the intervention programme by the specialist teacher, the students have gained significant progress in conditions of homogeneity with high degree, which is represented by the coefficient of variability minimum 0.06% and maximum 0.1 and than in test 3, the value is 0.11%, which tells us that in the results in view of the technical detriment of rugby tag, the group presented homogeneity with moderate character. Conclusion. Research has shown that initiation into tag rugby at middle school level is most effective through the combined use of the global method, the playful method, the small-sided and isolated game phases method, and the global-analytical-global algorithm. It has also been confirmed that heuristic methods, based on personal investigation and problem solving in game situations, are essential for the development of technical and tactical skills and analytical thinking. In addition, the use of specific exercises, preparatory games, and the actual game of tag rugby proved to be practical and effective, leading to significant progress in the motor, cognitive, and affective performance of students.
ANALYZING DIFFERENCES IN ANTHROPOMETRIC AND BODY COMPOSITION AMONG ACADEMIC STUDENTS BASED ON GENDER AND AGE CHARACTERISTICS
Background. The relationship between physical and mental health creates a cycle that supports or hinders academic achievement. Students who prioritize healthy body composition through balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and developing positive body image through self-acceptance and realistic expectations often find themselves better equipped to handle academic pressures. Understanding body composition metrics is essential, as they provide valuable insights into health status while considering gender, age, lifestyle, and physical activity levels. Objective. This study explored gender-specific differences in body composition among active students aged 20–25. Methods. A longitudinal approach was used with a sample of 144 males (50.8%) and 139 females (49.2%). Key body composition metrics included height, weight, BMI, fat mass, muscle mass, bone mass, and water mass. Measurements were collected with a Tanita Health Monitor and an electronic stadiometer. Statistical analysis employed ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05. Results. Significant differences were observed among male students in BMI and muscle mass (p < 0.05). Female students displayed significant variations in fat mass across age groups. Other parameters showed no significant gender-based variation. Trends remained within reference norms. Conclusions. Findings emphasize the importance of monitoring gender- and age-specific differences in student populations. Such insights can help develop health strategies and university wellness programs promoting holistic student well-being.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY
Background. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the connection between physical activity and cognitive performance, especially in the academic context. The sedentary lifestyle of university students has raised concerns regarding both physical health and academic success. Previous research suggests that regular physical activity can enhance cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and executive control. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance among undergraduate students from the University of Bucharest. The research aimed to determine whether higher fitness levels are associated with better academic outcomes. Methods. The study was conducted on a sample of students aged 19–21 who attended mandatory physical education classes. Physical fitness was assessed at the end of the first semester using standardized field tests: the Harvard Step Test (cardiorespiratory endurance), push-ups in 30 seconds (upper-body strength), sit-ups in 30 seconds (core endurance), and the Sit & Reach test (flexibility). Academic performance was measured based on students’ final grade point averages (GPA). A lifestyle questionnaire regarding sleep, study habits, and perceived energy levels was also applied. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and correlation tests (Pearson/Spearman) between physical fitness scores, questionnaire responses, and GPA. Results. Preliminary observations indicate that the overall fitness levels of participants were below the age-related average, particularly in cardiorespiratory endurance. A positive correlation is expected between higher physical fitness scores and higher academic performance, particularly in students who reported regular physical activity outside of class and better sleep habits. Conclusion. This study highlights the potential impact of physical fitness on students’ academic success. Promoting physical activity within university curricula may contribute to improved cognitive functioning and better academic outcomes. Further analysis will determine the strength and significance of these associations.
THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC PERIOD ON STUDENTS’ PHYSICAL ENDURANCE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON MOTOR PARAMETERS
Background. The COVID–19 pandemic had a significant impact on various aspects of daily life, including children’s physical activity levels. The restrictions imposed during this period led to a considerable decrease in movement and physical exercise among students, which may be correlated with stagnation or even regression in motor development and overall physical fitness. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of students’ physical endurance in lower secondary education by analyzing specific motor parameters measured over three consecutive school years: 2019–2020 (pre-pandemic period), 2020–2021 (pandemic period), and 2021–2022 (recovery period). Methodology. A group of 25 students (11 girls and 14 boys) was evaluated using four motor tests: 25-meter sprint, sit-ups, back extensions from a prone position, and standing long jump. Each parameter was recorded at the beginning and end of each school year. The Friedman test and Dunn-Bonferroni posthoc analysis were used to evaluate statistical differences between the three time points. Results. Most motor parameters showed statistically significant decreases in the 2020–2021 school year compared to the pre-pandemic period. In 2021–2022, notable improvements were observed, particularly in sprint performance and long jump. Running speed and explosive strength declined during the pandemic but showed a positive recovery trend in the following year, without fully reaching initial values. Trunk strength followed a more constant trajectory, yet also improved post-pandemic. Conclusions. The results highlight a significant decrease in students' motor capacity during the pandemic. In the future, it is necessary to develop and implement a structured educational program in the coming school years to support students in regaining and improving their physical endurance.