Vol. 6 No. 3 (2020): UNIVERSITY ARENA JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORT AND HEALTH
Annual journal of articles in the interdisciplinary fields: science of sport and physical education and health
Full Issue
Physical education
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ONE STEP PRE SET FIGHTING EXERCISES WITHIN KARATE DO PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST
Abstract
Background. In the third year of study at Bucharest University, the students will include in their current practice of physical educational, lessons in Karate-do, the practice of one step fighting exercises (in japanese: Ippon Kumite or Kihon Ippon Kumite). This is also a requirement for the green belt examination or 6 kyu. Sparring (Kumite) is the form of practice that has the most direct appeal not only to the beginner student but to everyone who has any interest in karate. Everyone wants to start sparring practice as soon as possible, and for this reason the students practice the fundamentals assiduously.
Objectives. To learn correctly a group of exercises of Sabaki (stepping and dodging), different positions and basic techniques of attack and defence (Kihon). To perform the techniques correctly with proper breathing and correct posture, otherwise techniques, power, and correct spirit cannot be achived. A correct posture relaxes the body, has distinction and dignity as well as esthetic appeal and elegance for maximum efficiency.
Methods. The method used for this presentation concerning the specific Ippon Kumite exercises, practiced in Japan universities by the Japan Karate Association, will also be used by the students of the University of Bucharest in their third year of studies.
Conclusions. In sparring training, each student practices this type of Kumite (Ippon Kumite) according to his own level of progress. It is therefore necesssary to fully understand the distinctive features of the various types and to practice with the objectives clearly in mind. Ippon Kumite is for studying offensive and defensive techniques, training in body movements and learning Maai (distancing). Mentally, the same like in another forms of Kumite exercise, the student will look for controlling emotions, fighting spirit, self esteem and determination The more advanced students will improve the finer points of Zanshin (awarness), Saho (etiquette), and Yomi (perceptivity). -
THE IMPLEMENTING OF PSYCHOMOTOR TECHNIQUES DURING PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Abstract
Background. Psychomotricity, being a part of applied psychology, studies motor functions, integrated and coordinated by the psychic functions. Psychomotricity manifests itself as an ability as well as a complex process, which regulates individual behaviour. We can also define it as the art of controlling one's behaviour. The present paper deals with improving elementary motric behaviour: achieving general movement control using sports dance.
Objectives. This paper deals with the way in which applied programs made beneficiaries more aware of their bodies, also improving their cognitive function. The purpose of this paper is also represented by the assessing, using psychomotricity, of the coordination component and changes which appeared after applying the two programs and also by the assessing of the comparative study of these changes.
Methods. To draw up this paper, I have used the following methods: the bibliographical research method, the assessing and data testing one, mathematical statistics methods and also the graphic one.
Results. Both groups improve their initial parameters as a result of the training and learning process. However, the group which has done the exercises improved more than the group which simply watched. This observation leads us to the same conclusion: individualized preparation is superior compared to the face-to-face traditional one.
Conclusion. We can also explain why the results achieved by the experimental group are superior on account of the methodology used for implementing training strategies. During the psychomotor training process, the exercises focused on acquiring certain types of behaviour, allowing students to slowly apprehend the basic moves. This, in turn, led to a more accurate representation concerning the human body moves and its segments. -
TRAINING STRATEGIES REGARDING PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION
Abstract
Background. The curriculum for preschool education gives the application of the elements of physical education in various contexts, clearly underlines the necessity of daily exercises and to realize the importance of doing them outside. Regarding this paper, I set out to demonstrate the practical applicability of physical education in pre-school education, to present optimal solutions for achieving an educational approach from the perspective of solving ambiguities of teaching in different situations and physical education in pre-school education.
Objectives. Identification of the physical education elements that can be applied taking into account the specificity of the activities carried out. Integration of the contents from the different fields with the physical education elements. Establishing useful benchmarks for making the educational act more efficient.
Methods. Method of bibliographic study The bibliographic documentation involved a permanent search for information sources as well as their selection, so that the methodical organization of studying phenomenon under the investigation would be complex, mobile and adapted to the investigated particularities. The method of pedagogical observation - takes part of the particular research methods so, in the field of physical education, the
main subject in observation is "the man in motion".
Results. The specific results of physical education are physical growth and development plus the positive results of the movement in the affective and cognitive fields. The movement is recognized as a prime factor in the intellectual formation of children.
Conclusion. Performing age-appropriate physical exercises regularly, the children develop a series of applied motor skills necessary in life, such as: walking, running, jumping, balance, climbing, forming a proper body hold in different positions. -
INTUITIVE METHODS OF TEACHING MOBILITY ELEMENTS IN SKIING – SCHOOL SPORT CLUB
Abstract
Background.. Ionescu, M (2000) classifies according to the requested analyzer and the static or dynamic character of the image the educational means as follows: visual technical means (epiprojector, epidiascope, back projector, etc.), audio technical means (radio, tape recorder, cassette player, player) for CDs, etc.), audio-visual technical means - which involves the use of a video camera, in connection with a TV monitor or video projector. Bocoș, M. (2010) calls them technical means of training.
Objectives. The use of modern intuitive methods can really contribute to the development of educational practice and to the solution of certain problems identified in the educational reality. By using modern intuitive methods of teaching acrobatic elements in gymnastics, included in the syllabus of the 7th grade, students achieve superior performances regarding the formation of specific skills and motor skills. The research sample and stages, the methods. "Pavel Dan" Tritenii de Jos High School, Cluj County, rural environment; during the period: December 2018 - June 2019. The experimental sample: the 7th grade from with a staff of 21 students; control sample: 7th grade B with a staff of 20 students. The centralization of the notes in the tests of the experiment and of the averages calculated on each subject and on the samples, as well as their graphical representation, allow preliminary observations to be made, in support of the verification of the working hypothesis. In the case of the experimental group, all the students recorded an evolution of the performance, but much more significant, during the experiment. However, the same tendency of stagnation is observed in
the last stage, with decreases in some subjects, as in the control group.
Results. "Independent Samples Test" presents the results of the t-test comparing the averages of the two samples. In the first part we read the results of the Levene test for checking the condition of variance equality (column "Levene's Test for Equality of Variances"), equality needed to validate the test t. The calculated value, F (37) = 0.172, at a safety threshold ("Sig.") P = 0.681 (higher than the admitted threshold p = 0.05), is insignificant, and the condition of variance homogeneity is fulfilled. Consequently, it can be stated, with a probability of 97.5% (1 - p = 1 - 0.025 = 0.975), that the difference between the sample meanings on the dependent variable (performance) is due to the influence of the dependent variable (using modern intuitive methods). In addition to the statistical significance of the results of the t-test, materialized in the probability with which the research
hypothesis is accepted, the effect size is of major importance. The calculation of this effect is performed using the indicator r, which, in the case of the t-test for independent samples and unequal groups, uses the formula: Value obtained (r = 0.32).
Conclusion. Following the application of the modern intuitive methods of teaching acrobatic gymnastics to the students of the 7th grade in the experimental group, they achieved a higher performance in the formation of specific motor skills, compared to those in the control group. 2. The constant use of modern intuitive methods has positively influenced the efficiency of the management of the didactic process. By using the audio-visual technical means, it can successfully replace the mediated or direct demonstration, and even have a better performance, in our case with 21.7%
Sport
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THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS AT THE LEVEL OF THE BODY MUSCLES NECESSARY IN SUSTAINING AND AMPLIFYING THE EFFORT IN MODERN TENNIS
Abstract
Modern tennis practiced at the high-performance level implies an extremely complex, dynamic, high intensity physical activity in extremely short time units – from 3 to 18-24 seconds – for physical and mental recovery.
The specific positions of the player in the field, the forms of movement, the distances, the difficulty of their achievement, to which are added the preparation processes and the techniques of hitting the tennis ball, give the measure of higher physical and mental demands. The present scientific work has an essay character based on an extensive study and observations, personal experience, specialized publications, all meaning a proof of the scientific knowledge of the field. It deals extensively with the fundamental mechanisms of muscular-ligamentous effort, on the three areas of the body: upper limbs, lower limbs and upper body. The rotations of the upper body are very rarely performed on the vertical axis of the body, generally they are most often done outside or as a fixed point on one side of the body (for example, on the right-hand players, the movement for forehand is made on the imaginary area of the left shoulder. The scapular belt, which connects the upper body to the upper limbs, contains many groups of muscles that play an important role in the dynamics of tennis hits, contributing substantially to the complexity and amplitude of the arm, decisive in the technique of tennis. The muscles of the lower limbs make a solid connection with the upper body and are present in the movement and control of the
center of gravity of the body. Those three fundamental mechanisms at the level of the muscles are strengthened both on the ventral and dorsal sides of the body, constituting a muscular braid that ensures the complexity of the specific tennis movements: defeat, release, impulse, extension and flexion. The graphic illustrations of the technics to which the tennis player is the subject, belong to us. This over 28 technical moments presented offers the chance to rethink the problem of training the tennis player, from a physical, technical and tactical point of view, at a higher level. -
METHOD OF MODELING IN PERFORMANCE TENNIS, THE MODERN SOURCE OF PERFECTING THE TRAINING CONCEPT
Abstract
Performance tennis has made important progress in recent decade, both male and female, being illustrated by superior effort capabilities, dynamism in the technical-tactical actions of the game, power of concentration, quick recovery, adaptation to the diversified conditions of the game (time zone, weather conditions, opponents of different typologies). The laborious work of the coaches and the athletes are highlighted by somatic and functional measurements, investigations and scientific decisions of the teams of specialists.
Sports performance in tennis knows in time a continuous process of modernization due to the valuable interventions of the related sciences, which leads to a permanent redefinition of the principle of modeling and remodeling, on all the components that contribute to raising the human limits.
The integrative (game and training) model includes the following components: the player's model or typology, the game parameters, the basic component model of the game. Modeling involves the reactivation of the specialized knowledge regarding the elaboration of valuable and performing training programs with maximum efficiency, without forcing the sportsman's body, modeling that must take into account the type of player (offensive, defensive, combinative) and a certain one technical, tactical and psychomotor strategy. Also, the modeling implies a good hierarchy of the criteria for evaluating the progress in preparation and in the game, conditioning and harmonization between the components of the training and the elements of effort and recovery, hygiene and nutrition, adaptation and medication, motivation.
We can state that once the game and training model is fixed, this activity can only be a stage, after which it will have to be improved by adding new modeling elements or by eliminating some that no longer correspond to the biological stages of the tennis players or require a series of adjustments that accelerate the improvement, according to the major requirements of higher level. -
IMPROVING THE EFFORT CAPACITY OF PRESCHOOLERS
Abstract
Background. It is assumed that the insertion of the physical education elements (movement exercises, movement games, relay race, dance steps) in all types of activities carried out in kindergarten determines the increase of effort capacity (evaluated by the Ruffier test) and there is the possibility of contributing greatly to form as a child, a being who lives in harmony with his colleagues, to behave correctly and civilized.
Objectives. Monitorizing the effort capacity during the development of activities that contain physical education elements. Comparative analysis of the effort capacity between the two monitorized groups.
Methods. Pedagogical observation method. In particular, we aimed to adapt the child's body to the effort by recording the physiological indicators and determining the effort capacity of the cardio vascular apparatus.
The method of graphical representation. The graphical representation method was used for a more complete interpretation of the results obtained in the tests by highlighting the differences between the performances obtained by the subjects at different moments of the research.
Results. In both groups the final results are better than the initial ones recorded at the beginning of the experiment, but in the experimental group there is a significant increase between the final and the initial testing compared to the controlled group where the growth is much smaller.
Conclusion. Proceeding to the insertion of the elements of physical education in all the activities carried out in the kindergartens and not only to the intended activity, it will be realized the presentation of the contents and of the other fields in an attractive, flexible, mobilizing form, which leads the interest of the children for investigation, documentation, research and practical application. -
POLIVALENT AND POLYATLETICS TRAINING IN STAGE I OF TRAINING
Abstract
From the practical activity, the idea that the training of long-term athletes is developed in several stages, is determined by the particularities of age and the general availability of adaptation of the body.
Stage I: basic oriented training – B.O.T. – depending on the specific branch of the sport This stage represents the initial stage of sports training and has as a general task the creation of general premises for the long-term
development of the performance capacity.
The objective is the increase of the effort capacity and the development of the fine coordination of the movements, related to the initiation of the children in the basic athletic tests.
Methods 1. multilateral physical training; 2. polyvalent and polyathletic training 3. physical training specific to the test performed The subjective sensitivity of learning depends on a variety of factors such as age, prior experience of pre-training or pre-training, aerobic strength and power, and possible specific genetic variations.
Results - percentage graphical expression of the realized volume. During a year of poly-athletic training, a sample of children aged 10-14 years from a group of beginners of LPS Bv. (Prof.N.G.) and a sample of 6 beginners of the same age LPS Bv. (Prof.B.I.A.)
Conclusions Initial and final tests were established and progress was made. The end of the initiation and promotion period highlighted a number of 4 athletes with real prospects for athletic performances.
Kinetotherapy
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6-7 YEARS PRESCHOOL CHILDREN MOTOR SKILLS TRAINING AS THE SPINE DISORDERS PROPHYLAXIS
Abstract
Background. High preschool age is the one at which children’s body show a sharp increase in somatic and functional parameters. It is at this age that a series of deficiencies occur in the body of children, often being characteristic for the spine.
Objectives. At this age, an intervention of specialists is required, first of all in the field of physical education. If it is not intervened with concrete methodologies to prevent these deficiencies, they may worsen as children get older.
Methods. For this purpose, a model of means for their application in the physical education and at home with the preschoolers was developed and implemented in a series of preschool units.
Results. The model had a positive effect on preventing the occurrence of different deficiencies of the bone system and first of all the spine in children.
Conclusion. It is shown that by using at large scale the correctly selected physical exercises, one can have a prophylaxis effect of the possible deficiencies of the spine, namely at the age of 6-7 years. -
HOW TO CORRECT OR AMELIORATE THE POSTURAL DEFICIENCIES BY DOING KINETIC EXERCISES WITHIN SPORT LECTURES
Abstract
Background. The characteristic position to a human being is orthostatic, it shows an antigravity posture. Using
neuromioartrokinetic interventions for conservation leads to a transformation of the posture or a correct and normal attitude also called the position of the orthostathic alignment. Preventing the occurrence of postural deficiencies represents the primary prophylaxis (also known as primary prevention) and can be achieved by keeping a correct attitude of the body, self-control both in daily routines and professional ones. It is a regrettable reality the fact that part of students presents different physic deficiencies. They practice medical gymnastic in different groups, differentiated by their diagnostic. Different techniques that are applied in these groups lead finally to a delay of the evolution, the amelioration and correction of the physical deficiencies.
Objectives. The scope of this paper addresses the need of correction and improvement of the student’s postural deficiencies through implementation of a therapeutic program, based on a large range of techniques which are going to be adapted to the particularities of each and every subject during the sport lectures. The aim of these corrective exercises during sport lectures was to generate a reflex action that trigger a correct, upright body
posture both in student’s static or dynamic activities. Another objective of the sport lecture was related to the muscular tonus of the posterior plan of the trunk and reestablishing the correct posture of the shoulders, sholder blades through shortening the musculatures designed to secure the pectoral arch.
Methods. The following research methods were used: Specific documentation; Testing and measuring methods; Mathematic methods of statistics; Methods using graphs and diagrams; Functional evaluation comprised the following tests for measuring and posture assessment as well as the amplitude of the movement. At the beginning and at the end of the recovery period following tests were conducted: Tests Ott and the distance fingers to the ground floor.
Results. Initial test revealed that the average values are almost similar to both groups. The final test showed significant differences between the two groups. For the experimental group the results indicated a significant increase between the final test and the initial one (p<0.05). The null hypothesis is accepted for both groups.
Conclusion. The intervention plan applied in sport lectures comprised the following techniques: the correct or hypercorrect posture, maintained through various methods; passive movements, assisted and active activities, isometric contractions and different techniques related to proprioceptive facilitation. Applied kinetic programs were various and numerous, being organized and implemented in accordance to individual necessities and were oriented to the following directions: to develop to prevent, to compensate and to correct. A consistent practice of the therapeutic programs will prevent the aggravation of accumulated deficiencies and in the end to a ceased evolution of the deficiencies. We recommend our students to continue these therapeutic programs out of the sport lectures to consolidate the results they already achieved.
Varia
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SPORTS AND THE VALENCIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION
Abstract
„Practicing sports is a human right”1, so „every person should be able to practice sports according to their needs". Although the European Convention on Human Rights does not officially recognize this right, the European Court of Human Rights has emphasized, through its case law, the importance of respecting fundamental human rights in the field of sports. The decisions of the sports federations challenged before the courts or of the sports arbitration entities, have often serious consequences for the sports actors. That is why it is particularly important to analyze the guarantees granted from the point of view of human rights so that, taking into account also the autonomy of the sports structures, national or international sports federations respect these rights and, at the same time, develop the most appropriate legal mechanisms and instruments.
In this context, the respect for human rights, seen as universal principles, has become a key issue in sports disputes, both for sports organizations and for courts or sports arbitration entities.
Objectives. In the present scientific approach we set out to identify the sources and mechanism of human rights in the field of sports.
Methods. We will use the historical method, we will analyze the sources of human law, and, at the same time, the relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.
Results. As issues in the field of sports are closely linked to non-respect for human rights, we aim to highlight their importance, so that there is a balance between the interests of the parties: the sports structures that draw up their own regulations and the actors of sport.
Conclusion. Sports is closely linked to the protection of human rights because, on the one hand, „practicing sports is a fundamental right of everyone”, and on the other hand, this field, by its essence, implies the existence of fundamental principles. The knowledge of the sources and mechanisms of protection of human rights in the field of sports will allow sports structures to develop, in accordance with the principle of autonomy, policies of their own regulations, which will maintain an adequate balance of the interests of the parties. -
HOW TO BECOME A SPORT CHAMPION
Abstract
Many teenagers dream to become a sport champion. But in order to achieve their dreams they should know they must respect the golden rules, such as: start practice sport since childhood, work hard, respect a healthy and adequate nutrition and work with a good trainer. As you grow up, we will also need a mental coaching.
The first step is setting the intention which is the motor that starts everything in motion. Without setting intention, your life wanders around aimlessly without goal or direction. After you set your goal it is very important to believe in you, because the mind is the creator of all things and will give you the strength to work hardly. The next step is to start training and now you’ll need a trainer in order to learn the adequate technique to develop and to improve it and to start planning a tactic in competition. The path to your dream won’t be easy task - it takes commitment, patience, and perseverance. Nowadays the native talent, the will and work are not enough. The sport performance requires a lot of time and money so the children will need to have their parent support. This support materializes in trainings, professional equipment, the adequate nutrition and step by step even a mental coach that can help you build a strong. champion character. Since childhood they should participate to inter -school competitions at popular sports such as soccer, tennis, handball, volleyball
basketball etc. and to continue with “high schools Cups”. This amateur competition will give them the chance to taste the victory and performance, will strengthen their character and will. The teachers/instructors will select students with specific skills and abilities for a sport and they will start together the process of creating the future champion. -
THE PROPORTION OF SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST STUDENTS’ LIFE REGIME
Abstract
Background. The idea of free time has worried people since ancient times. Aristotle once said “that free time does not mean the end of work, but, on the contrary, work means the end of free time.” It should be used for recreational activities, creation, literature, science, art, philosophy and sports. Today, the concept of leisure time acquires a richer understanding, apart from time for rest, recreation, fun-leisure, tourism, time for training and professional development, to improve one’s methods, all this after he has fulfilled his professional, family and social obligations. Aspirations and behaviour related to (regarding) free time and the way of using space in this leisure time, have changed profoundly in recent years in Romania as well. The researchers, know that practicing physical activity regularly, leads to substantial and lasting benefits in terms of health and quality of life.
Objectives. The purpose of this study consists in understanding the place that sports activities occupy in the life regime of the UB students.
Methods. Research methods: scientific documentation, questionnaire-based on investigation, statistical- mathematical processing and graphical interpretation. The survey was conducted in 2019 and consisted of a questionnaire, containing a set of 8 questions applied to a number of 100 students of the University of Bucharest.
Results. Following the multiple answers regarding the proportion of sports activities in the students' life regime, the subjects have opted as it follows: 76% do occasional sports, and only 16%, systematically. Unfortunately, 8% do not play sports at all. Most students (90%) prefer recreational sports and only 2% do performance sports and 8% do not play sports at all. Regarding the type of sports activities preferred by students, on the first place in overall standings were those for relaxation and leisure, with a percentage of 44%, followed by those for body maintenance, with 42%, the third place is occupied by races and contests, with 6% and 8% do not play sports at all. Among the sports activities practiced by the students during the weekend we specify fitness, jogging, soccer and swimming.
Conclusion. Free time has a special impact on the life of each human being. This can be an advantage or a disadvantage, depending on how it is used. The study revealed that the students use a part of their free time for socializing and sedentary activities, but also for practicing sports. -
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – A BRIEF REVIEW
Abstract
Background. Physical activity is an essential element in maintaining optimal health. Studies on this topic shows that the physical condition of the body can influence the evolution of a disease, such as viral infections. Very recent research supports the idea that regular exercise could be effective in prevention and could reduce the risk of severe lung complications, including the disease of 2020 - Covid 19. (Yan, Z., Spaulding, H.,2020). Social distancing measures taken to control the current COVID-19 pandemic have led to limited physical activity options. Many people are in quarantine or self-isolation at home. However, this should not lead us to adopt a sedentary lifestyle, which is associated with decreased immunity. Studies suggest that the prolonged intense exercise causes immunosuppression, whereas moderate-intensity exercise improves immune function and potentially reduces risk and severity of respiratory viral infections. (Martin, S., Pence, B., Woods, J., 2009).
Objectives. We propose a brief overview of the current global phenomenon, the pandemic Corona virus, which affects the quality of life of people around the world and how it can be combated with physical activity.
Purpose: In the context of the novel coronavirus outbreak, that question has gained urgency and also, thanks to recent research, emergent answers. The purpose of this work is to highlight the influence of physical activity on the immune system. The latest science suggests that being fit boosts our immune systems, and that even a single workout can amplify and improve our ability to fight off germs (Nieman, D., Wentz, L., 2019).
Conclusion. Exercise has a profound effect on the normal functioning of the immune system. It is generally accepted that prolonged periods of intensive exercise training can depress immunity, while regular moderate intensity exercise is beneficial.